{"id":"dn27","title":"What Came First","languageCodes":["en","pi"],"languageNotes":{"en":"Bhikkhu Sujato · CC0","pi":"Mahāsaṅgīti edition · SuttaCentral"},"chapters":[{"id":"dn27","title":"What Came First","units":[{"id":"dn27:0","sourceIds":["dn27:0.1","dn27:0.2"],"kind":"text","text":{"pi":"Dīgha Nikāya 27\nAggaññasutta","en":"Long Discourses 27\nWhat Came First"}},{"id":"dn27:1","sourceIds":["dn27:1.1","dn27:1.2","dn27:1.3","dn27:1.4"],"kind":"text","text":{"pi":"Evaṁ me sutaṁ—\nekaṁ samayaṁ bhagavā sāvatthiyaṁ viharati pubbārāme migāramātupāsāde.\nTena kho pana samayena vāseṭṭhabhāradvājā bhikkhūsu parivasanti bhikkhubhāvaṁ ākaṅkhamānā.\nAtha kho bhagavā sāyanhasamayaṁ paṭisallānā vuṭṭhito pāsādā orohitvā pāsādapacchāyāyaṁ abbhokāse caṅkamati.","en":"So I have heard.\nAt one time the Buddha was staying near Sāvatthī in the stilt longhouse of Migāra’s mother in the Eastern Monastery.\nNow at that time Vāseṭṭha and Bhāradvāja were living on probation among the mendicants in hopes of being ordained.\nThen in the late afternoon, the Buddha came downstairs from the longhouse and was walking mindfully in the open air, beneath the shade of the longhouse."}},{"id":"dn27:2","sourceIds":["dn27:2.1","dn27:2.2","dn27:2.3","dn27:2.4","dn27:2.5","dn27:2.6","dn27:2.7"],"kind":"text","text":{"pi":"Addasā kho vāseṭṭho bhagavantaṁ sāyanhasamayaṁ paṭisallānā vuṭṭhitaṁ pāsādā orohitvā pāsādapacchāyāyaṁ abbhokāse caṅkamantaṁ.\nDisvāna bhāradvājaṁ āmantesi:\n“ayaṁ, āvuso bhāradvāja, bhagavā sāyanhasamayaṁ paṭisallānā vuṭṭhito pāsādā orohitvā pāsādapacchāyāyaṁ abbhokāse caṅkamati.\nĀyāmāvuso bhāradvāja, yena bhagavā tenupasaṅkamissāma;\nappeva nāma labheyyāma bhagavato santikā dhammiṁ kathaṁ savanāyā”ti.\n“Evamāvuso”ti kho bhāradvājo vāseṭṭhassa paccassosi.\nAtha kho vāseṭṭhabhāradvājā yena bhagavā tenupasaṅkamiṁsu; upasaṅkamitvā bhagavantaṁ abhivādetvā bhagavantaṁ caṅkamantaṁ anucaṅkamiṁsu.","en":"Vāseṭṭha saw him\nand said to Bhāradvāja,\n“Reverend Bhāradvāja, the Buddha is walking mindfully in the open air, beneath the shade of the longhouse.\nCome, reverend, let’s go to the Buddha.\nHopefully we’ll get to hear a Dhamma talk from him.”\n“Yes, reverend,” replied Bhāradvāja.\nSo they went to the Buddha, bowed, and walked beside him."}},{"id":"dn27:3","sourceIds":["dn27:3.1","dn27:3.2","dn27:3.3","dn27:3.4","dn27:3.5","dn27:3.6","dn27:3.7","dn27:3.8","dn27:3.9","dn27:3.10","dn27:3.11","dn27:3.12"],"kind":"text","text":{"pi":"Atha kho bhagavā vāseṭṭhaṁ āmantesi:\n“tumhe khvattha, vāseṭṭha, brāhmaṇajaccā brāhmaṇakulīnā brāhmaṇakulā agārasmā anagāriyaṁ pabbajitā, kacci vo, vāseṭṭha, brāhmaṇā na akkosanti na paribhāsantī”ti?\n“Taggha no, bhante, brāhmaṇā akkosanti paribhāsanti attarūpāya paribhāsāya paripuṇṇāya, no aparipuṇṇāyā”ti.\n“Yathā kathaṁ pana vo, vāseṭṭha, brāhmaṇā akkosanti paribhāsanti attarūpāya paribhāsāya paripuṇṇāya, no aparipuṇṇāyā”ti?\n“Brāhmaṇā, bhante, evamāhaṁsu:\n‘brāhmaṇova seṭṭho vaṇṇo, hīnā aññe vaṇṇā.\nBrāhmaṇova sukko vaṇṇo, kaṇhā aññe vaṇṇā.\nBrāhmaṇāva sujjhanti, no abrāhmaṇā.\nBrāhmaṇāva brahmuno puttā orasā mukhato jātā brahmajā brahmanimmitā brahmadāyādā.\nTe tumhe seṭṭhaṁ vaṇṇaṁ hitvā hīnamattha vaṇṇaṁ ajjhupagatā, yadidaṁ muṇḍake samaṇake ibbhe kaṇhe bandhupādāpacce.\nTayidaṁ na sādhu, tayidaṁ nappatirūpaṁ, yaṁ tumhe seṭṭhaṁ vaṇṇaṁ hitvā hīnamattha vaṇṇaṁ ajjhupagatā yadidaṁ muṇḍake samaṇake ibbhe kaṇhe bandhupādāpacce’ti.\nEvaṁ kho no, bhante, brāhmaṇā akkosanti paribhāsanti attarūpāya paribhāsāya paripuṇṇāya, no aparipuṇṇāyā”ti.","en":"Then the Buddha said to Vāseṭṭha,\n“Vāseṭṭha, you are both brahmins by birth and family, and have gone forth from the lay life to homelessness from a brahmin family. I hope you don’t have to suffer abuse and insults from the brahmins.”\n“Actually, sir, the brahmins do insult and abuse us with their typical insults to the fullest extent, holding nothing back.”\n“But how do the brahmins insult you?”\n“Sir, the brahmins say:\n‘Only brahmins are the best class; other classes are inferior.\nOnly brahmins are the light class; other classes are dark.\nOnly brahmins are purified, not others.\nOnly brahmins are the Divinity’s bosom sons, born from his mouth, born of the Divinity, created by the Divinity, heirs of the Divinity.\nYou’ve both abandoned the best class to join an inferior class, namely these shavelings, fake ascetics, primitives, black spawn from the feet of our kinsman.\nThis is not right, it’s not proper!’\nThat’s how the brahmins insult us.”"}},{"id":"dn27:4","sourceIds":["dn27:4.1","dn27:4.2","dn27:4.3","dn27:4.4","dn27:4.5","dn27:4.6","dn27:4.7","dn27:4.8","dn27:4.9","dn27:4.10","dn27:4.11","dn27:4.12"],"kind":"text","text":{"pi":"“Taggha vo, vāseṭṭha, brāhmaṇā porāṇaṁ assarantā evamāhaṁsu:\n‘brāhmaṇova seṭṭho vaṇṇo, hīnā aññe vaṇṇā;\nbrāhmaṇova sukko vaṇṇo, kaṇhā aññe vaṇṇā;\nbrāhmaṇāva sujjhanti, no abrāhmaṇā;\nbrāhmaṇāva brahmuno puttā orasā mukhato jātā brahmajā brahmanimmitā brahmadāyādā’ti.\nDissanti kho pana, vāseṭṭha, brāhmaṇānaṁ brāhmaṇiyo utuniyopi gabbhiniyopi vijāyamānāpi pāyamānāpi.\nTe ca brāhmaṇā yonijāva samānā evamāhaṁsu:\n‘brāhmaṇova seṭṭho vaṇṇo, hīnā aññe vaṇṇā;\nbrāhmaṇova sukko vaṇṇo, kaṇhā aññe vaṇṇā;\nbrāhmaṇāva sujjhanti, no abrāhmaṇā;\nbrāhmaṇāva brahmuno puttā orasā mukhato jātā brahmajā brahmanimmitā brahmadāyādā’ti.\nTe brahmānañceva abbhācikkhanti, musā ca bhāsanti, bahuñca apuññaṁ pasavanti.","en":"“Actually, Vāseṭṭha, the brahmins are forgetting their tradition when they say this to you.\nFor brahmin women are seen menstruating, being pregnant, giving birth, and breast-feeding.\nYet even though they’re born from a brahmin womb they say:\n‘Only brahmins are the best class; other classes are inferior.\nOnly brahmins are the light class; other classes are dark.\nOnly brahmins are purified, not others.\nOnly brahmins are the Divinity’s bosom sons, born from his mouth, born of the Divinity, created by the Divinity, heirs of the Divinity.’\nThey misrepresent the brahmins, speak falsely, and brim with much wickedness."}},{"id":"dn27:5","sourceIds":["dn27:5.0","dn27:5.1","dn27:5.2","dn27:5.3","dn27:5.4","dn27:5.5","dn27:5.6","dn27:5.7","dn27:5.8","dn27:5.9","dn27:5.10"],"kind":"text","text":{"pi":"1. Catuvaṇṇasuddhi\nCattārome, vāseṭṭha, vaṇṇā—\nkhattiyā, brāhmaṇā, vessā, suddā.\nKhattiyopi kho, vāseṭṭha, idhekacco pāṇātipātī hoti adinnādāyī kāmesumicchācārī musāvādī pisuṇavāco pharusavāco samphappalāpī abhijjhālu byāpannacitto micchādiṭṭhī.\nIti kho, vāseṭṭha, yeme dhammā akusalā akusalasaṅkhātā sāvajjā sāvajjasaṅkhātā asevitabbā asevitabbasaṅkhātā naalamariyā naalamariyasaṅkhātā kaṇhā kaṇhavipākā viññugarahitā, khattiyepi te idhekacce sandissanti.\nBrāhmaṇopi kho, vāseṭṭha …pe…\nvessopi kho, vāseṭṭha …pe…\nsuddopi kho, vāseṭṭha, idhekacco pāṇātipātī hoti adinnādāyī kāmesumicchācārī musāvādī pisuṇavāco pharusavāco samphappalāpī abhijjhālu byāpannacitto micchādiṭṭhī.\nIti kho, vāseṭṭha, yeme dhammā akusalā akusalasaṅkhātā …pe…\nkaṇhā kaṇhavipākā viññugarahitā;\nsuddepi te idhekacce sandissanti.","en":"1. Purification in the Four Classes\nVāseṭṭha, there are these four classes:\naristocrats, brahmins, peasants, and menials.\nSome aristocrats kill living creatures, steal, and commit sexual misconduct. They use speech that’s false, backbiting, harsh, and nonsensical. And they’re covetous, malicious, with wrong view.\nThese things are unskillful, blameworthy, not to be cultivated, unworthy of the noble ones—and are reckoned as such. They are dark deeds with dark results, criticized by sensible people. Such things are exhibited in some aristocrats.\nAnd they are also seen among some brahmins,\npeasants,\nand menials."}},{"id":"dn27:6","sourceIds":["dn27:6.1","dn27:6.2","dn27:6.3","dn27:6.4","dn27:6.5","dn27:6.6","dn27:6.7","dn27:6.8"],"kind":"text","text":{"pi":"Khattiyopi kho, vāseṭṭha, idhekacco pāṇātipātā paṭivirato hoti, adinnādānā paṭivirato, kāmesumicchācārā paṭivirato, musāvādā paṭivirato, pisuṇāya vācāya paṭivirato, pharusāya vācāya paṭivirato, samphappalāpā paṭivirato, anabhijjhālu abyāpannacitto, sammādiṭṭhī.\nIti kho, vāseṭṭha, yeme dhammā kusalā kusalasaṅkhātā anavajjā anavajjasaṅkhātā sevitabbā sevitabbasaṅkhātā alamariyā alamariyasaṅkhātā sukkā sukkavipākā viññuppasatthā, khattiyepi te idhekacce sandissanti.\nBrāhmaṇopi kho, vāseṭṭha …pe…\nvessopi kho, vāseṭṭha …pe…\nsuddopi kho, vāseṭṭha, idhekacco pāṇātipātā paṭivirato hoti …pe…\nanabhijjhālu, abyāpannacitto, sammādiṭṭhī.\nIti kho, vāseṭṭha, yeme dhammā kusalā kusalasaṅkhātā anavajjā anavajjasaṅkhātā sevitabbā sevitabbasaṅkhātā alamariyā alamariyasaṅkhātā sukkā sukkavipākā viññuppasatthā;\nsuddepi te idhekacce sandissanti.","en":"But some aristocrats refrain from killing living creatures, stealing, and sexual misconduct. They refrain from speech that’s false, backbiting, harsh, and nonsensical. And they’re content, kind-hearted, with right view.\nThese things are skillful, blameless, to be cultivated, worthy of the noble ones—and are reckoned as such. They are bright deeds with bright results, praised by sensible people. Such things are exhibited in some aristocrats.\nAnd they are also seen among some brahmins,\npeasants,\nand menials."}},{"id":"dn27:7","sourceIds":["dn27:7.1","dn27:7.2","dn27:7.3","dn27:7.4","dn27:7.5","dn27:7.6","dn27:7.7","dn27:7.8","dn27:7.9","dn27:7.10"],"kind":"text","text":{"pi":"Imesu kho, vāseṭṭha, catūsu vaṇṇesu evaṁ ubhayavokiṇṇesu vattamānesu kaṇhasukkesu dhammesu viññugarahitesu ceva viññuppasatthesu ca yadettha brāhmaṇā evamāhaṁsu:\n‘brāhmaṇova seṭṭho vaṇṇo, hīnā aññe vaṇṇā;\nbrāhmaṇova sukko vaṇṇo, kaṇhā aññe vaṇṇā;\nbrāhmaṇāva sujjhanti, no abrāhmaṇā;\nbrāhmaṇāva brahmuno puttā orasā mukhato jātā brahmajā brahmanimmitā brahmadāyādā’ti.\nTaṁ tesaṁ viññū nānujānanti.\nTaṁ kissa hetu?\nImesañhi, vāseṭṭha, catunnaṁ vaṇṇānaṁ yo hoti bhikkhu arahaṁ khīṇāsavo vusitavā katakaraṇīyo ohitabhāro anuppattasadattho parikkhīṇabhavasaṁyojano sammadaññāvimutto, so nesaṁ aggamakkhāyati dhammeneva, no adhammena.\nDhammo hi, vāseṭṭha, seṭṭho janetasmiṁ, diṭṭhe ceva dhamme abhisamparāyañca.\nTadamināpetaṁ, vāseṭṭha, pariyāyena veditabbaṁ, yathā dhammova seṭṭho janetasmiṁ, diṭṭhe ceva dhamme abhisamparāyañca.","en":"Both these things occur like this, mixed up in these four classes—the dark and the bright, that which is praised and that which is criticized by sensible people. Yet of this the brahmins say:\n‘Only brahmins are the best class; other classes are inferior.\nOnly brahmins are the light class; other classes are dark.\nOnly brahmins are purified, not others.\nOnly brahmins are the Divinity’s bosom sons, born from his mouth, born of the Divinity, created by the Divinity, heirs of the Divinity.’\nSensible people don’t grant this.\nWhy is that?\nBecause any mendicant from these four classes who is perfected—with defilements ended, who has completed the spiritual journey, done what had to be done, laid down the burden, achieved their heart’s goal, utterly ended the fetter of continued existence, and is rightly freed through enlightenment—is said to be foremost by virtue of principle, not against principle.\nFor principle, Vāseṭṭha, is the best thing for people in both this life and the next.\nAnd here’s a way to understand how this is so."}},{"id":"dn27:8","sourceIds":["dn27:8.1","dn27:8.2","dn27:8.3","dn27:8.4","dn27:8.5","dn27:8.6","dn27:8.7","dn27:8.8","dn27:8.9","dn27:8.10"],"kind":"text","text":{"pi":"Jānāti kho, vāseṭṭha, rājā pasenadi kosalo:\n‘samaṇo gotamo anantarā sakyakulā pabbajito’ti.\nSakyā kho pana, vāseṭṭha, rañño pasenadissa kosalassa anuyuttā bhavanti.\nKaronti kho, vāseṭṭha, sakyā raññe pasenadimhi kosale nipaccakāraṁ abhivādanaṁ paccuṭṭhānaṁ añjalikammaṁ sāmīcikammaṁ.\nIti kho, vāseṭṭha, yaṁ karonti sakyā raññe pasenadimhi kosale nipaccakāraṁ abhivādanaṁ paccuṭṭhānaṁ añjalikammaṁ sāmīcikammaṁ, karoti taṁ rājā pasenadi kosalo tathāgate nipaccakāraṁ abhivādanaṁ paccuṭṭhānaṁ añjalikammaṁ sāmīcikammaṁ, na naṁ ‘sujāto samaṇo gotamo, dujjātohamasmi.\nBalavā samaṇo gotamo, dubbalohamasmi.\nPāsādiko samaṇo gotamo, dubbaṇṇohamasmi.\nMahesakkho samaṇo gotamo, appesakkhohamasmī’ti.\nAtha kho naṁ dhammaṁyeva sakkaronto dhammaṁ garuṁ karonto dhammaṁ mānento dhammaṁ pūjento dhammaṁ apacāyamāno evaṁ rājā pasenadi kosalo tathāgate nipaccakāraṁ karoti, abhivādanaṁ paccuṭṭhānaṁ añjalikammaṁ sāmīcikammaṁ.\nImināpi kho etaṁ, vāseṭṭha, pariyāyena veditabbaṁ, yathā dhammova seṭṭho janetasmiṁ, diṭṭhe ceva dhamme abhisamparāyañca.","en":"King Pasenadi of Kosala knows that\nthe ascetic Gotama has gone forth from the neighboring clan of the Sakyans.\nAnd the Sakyans are his vassals.\nThe Sakyans show deference to King Pasenadi by bowing down, rising up, greeting him with cupped palms, and observing proper etiquette for him.\nNow, King Pasenadi shows the same kind of deference to the Realized One. But he doesn’t think: ‘The ascetic Gotama is well-born, I am ill-born.\nHe is powerful, I am weak.\nHe is handsome, I am ugly.\nHe is illustrious, I am insignificant.’\nRather, in showing such deference to the Realized One he is only honoring, respecting, and venerating principle.\nAnd here’s another way to understand how principle is the best thing for people in both this life and the next."}},{"id":"dn27:9","sourceIds":["dn27:9.1","dn27:9.2","dn27:9.3","dn27:9.4","dn27:9.5","dn27:9.6"],"kind":"text","text":{"pi":"Tumhe khvattha, vāseṭṭha, nānājaccā nānānāmā nānāgottā nānākulā agārasmā anagāriyaṁ pabbajitā.\n‘Ke tumhe’ti—puṭṭhā samānā ‘samaṇā sakyaputtiyāmhā’ti—paṭijānātha.\nYassa kho panassa, vāseṭṭha, tathāgate saddhā niviṭṭhā mūlajātā patiṭṭhitā daḷhā asaṁhāriyā samaṇena vā brāhmaṇena vā devena vā mārena vā brahmunā vā kenaci vā lokasmiṁ, tassetaṁ kallaṁ vacanāya:\n‘bhagavatomhi putto oraso mukhato jāto dhammajo dhammanimmito dhammadāyādo’ti.\nTaṁ kissa hetu?\nTathāgatassa hetaṁ, vāseṭṭha, adhivacanaṁ ‘dhammakāyo’ itipi, ‘brahmakāyo’ itipi, ‘dhammabhūto’ itipi, ‘brahmabhūto’ itipi.","en":"Vāseṭṭha, you have different births, names, clans, and families, yet have gone forth from the lay life to homelessness.\nWhen they ask you what you are, you claim to be ascetics who follow the Sakyan.\nBut only when someone has faith in the Realized One—settled, rooted, and planted deep, strong, not to be shifted by any ascetic or brahmin or god or Māra or divinity or by anyone in the world—is it appropriate for them to say:\n‘I am the Buddha’s bosom son, born from his mouth, born of principle, created by principle, heir to principle.’\nWhy is that?\nFor these are terms for the Realized One: ‘the embodiment of principle’, and ‘the embodiment of divinity’, and ‘the manifestation of principle’, and ‘the manifestation of divinity’."}},{"id":"dn27:10","sourceIds":["dn27:10.1","dn27:10.2","dn27:10.3","dn27:10.4","dn27:10.5","dn27:10.6"],"kind":"text","text":{"pi":"Hoti kho so, vāseṭṭha, samayo yaṁ kadāci karahaci dīghassa addhuno accayena ayaṁ loko saṁvaṭṭati.\nSaṁvaṭṭamāne loke yebhuyyena sattā ābhassarasaṁvattanikā honti.\nTe tattha honti manomayā pītibhakkhā sayaṁpabhā antalikkhacarā subhaṭṭhāyino ciraṁ dīghamaddhānaṁ tiṭṭhanti.\nHoti kho so, vāseṭṭha, samayo yaṁ kadāci karahaci dīghassa addhuno accayena ayaṁ loko vivaṭṭati.\nVivaṭṭamāne loke yebhuyyena sattā ābhassarakāyā cavitvā itthattaṁ āgacchanti.\nTedha honti manomayā pītibhakkhā sayaṁpabhā antalikkhacarā subhaṭṭhāyino ciraṁ dīghamaddhānaṁ tiṭṭhanti.","en":"There comes a time when, Vāseṭṭha, after a very long period has passed, this cosmos contracts.\nAs the cosmos contracts, sentient beings are mostly headed for the realm of sublime luminosity.\nThere they are mind-made, feeding on rapture, self-radiant, wandering in midair, steadily glorious, and they remain like that for a very long time.\nThere comes a time when, after a very long period has passed, this cosmos expands.\nAs the cosmos expands, sentient beings mostly pass away from that host of luminous deities and come back to this realm.\nHere they are mind-made, feeding on rapture, self-radiant, wandering in midair, steadily glorious, and they remain like that for a very long time."}},{"id":"dn27:11","sourceIds":["dn27:11.0","dn27:11.1","dn27:11.2","dn27:11.3","dn27:11.4","dn27:11.5","dn27:11.6","dn27:11.7","dn27:11.8","dn27:11.9","dn27:11.10","dn27:11.11","dn27:11.12","dn27:11.13"],"kind":"text","text":{"pi":"2. Rasapathavipātubhāva\nEkodakībhūtaṁ kho pana, vāseṭṭha, tena samayena hoti andhakāro andhakāratimisā.\nNa candimasūriyā paññāyanti, na nakkhattāni tārakarūpāni paññāyanti, na rattindivā paññāyanti, na māsaḍḍhamāsā paññāyanti, na utusaṁvaccharā paññāyanti, na itthipumā paññāyanti, sattā sattātveva saṅkhyaṁ gacchanti.\nAtha kho tesaṁ, vāseṭṭha, sattānaṁ kadāci karahaci dīghassa addhuno accayena rasapathavī udakasmiṁ samatani;\nseyyathāpi nāma payaso tattassa nibbāyamānassa upari santānakaṁ hoti;\nevameva pāturahosi.\nSā ahosi vaṇṇasampannā gandhasampannā rasasampannā, seyyathāpi nāma sampannaṁ vā sappi sampannaṁ vā navanītaṁ evaṁvaṇṇā ahosi.\nSeyyathāpi nāma khuddamadhuṁ aneḷakaṁ;\nevamassādā ahosi.\nAtha kho, vāseṭṭha, aññataro satto lolajātiko:\n‘ambho, kimevidaṁ bhavissatī’ti rasapathaviṁ aṅguliyā sāyi.\nTassa rasapathaviṁ aṅguliyā sāyato acchādesi, taṇhā cassa okkami.\nAññepi kho, vāseṭṭha, sattā tassa sattassa diṭṭhānugatiṁ āpajjamānā rasapathaviṁ aṅguliyā sāyiṁsu.\nTesaṁ rasapathaviṁ aṅguliyā sāyataṁ acchādesi, taṇhā ca tesaṁ okkami.","en":"2. The Earth’s Nectar Appears\nBut the single mass of water at that time was utterly dark.\nThe moon and sun were not found, nor were stars and constellations, day and night, months and fortnights, years and seasons, or male and female. Beings were simply known as ‘beings’.\nAfter a very long period had passed, the earth’s nectar curdled in the water.\nIt appeared just like the curd on top of hot milk-rice as it cools.\nIt was beautiful, fragrant, and delicious, like ghee or butter.\nAnd it was as sweet as pure dwarf-bee honey.\nNow, one of those beings was reckless.\nThinking, ‘Oh my, what might this be?’ they tasted the earth’s nectar with their finger.\nThey enjoyed it, and craving was born in them.\nAnd other beings, following that being’s example, tasted the earth’s nectar with their fingers.\nThey too enjoyed it, and craving was born in them."}},{"id":"dn27:12","sourceIds":["dn27:12.0","dn27:12.1","dn27:12.2","dn27:12.3","dn27:12.4","dn27:12.5","dn27:12.6","dn27:12.7","dn27:12.8","dn27:12.9"],"kind":"text","text":{"pi":"3. Candimasūriyādipātubhāva\nAtha kho te, vāseṭṭha, sattā rasapathaviṁ hatthehi āluppakārakaṁ upakkamiṁsu paribhuñjituṁ.\nYato kho te, vāseṭṭha, sattā rasapathaviṁ hatthehi āluppakārakaṁ upakkamiṁsu paribhuñjituṁ.\nAtha tesaṁ sattānaṁ sayaṁpabhā antaradhāyi.\nSayaṁpabhāya antarahitāya candimasūriyā pāturahesuṁ.\nCandimasūriyesu pātubhūtesu nakkhattāni tārakarūpāni pāturahesuṁ.\nNakkhattesu tārakarūpesu pātubhūtesu rattindivā paññāyiṁsu.\nRattindivesu paññāyamānesu māsaḍḍhamāsā paññāyiṁsu.\nMāsaḍḍhamāsesu paññāyamānesu utusaṁvaccharā paññāyiṁsu.\nEttāvatā kho, vāseṭṭha, ayaṁ loko puna vivaṭṭo hoti.","en":"3. The Moon and Sun Appear\nThen those beings started to eat the earth’s nectar, breaking it into lumps.\nBut when they did this\ntheir radiance vanished.\nAnd with the vanishing of their radiance the moon and sun appeared,\nstars and constellations appeared,\ndays and nights were distinguished,\nand so were months and fortnights,\nand years and seasons.\nSo far had the world evolved once more."}},{"id":"dn27:13","sourceIds":["dn27:13.1","dn27:13.2","dn27:13.3","dn27:13.4","dn27:13.5","dn27:13.6","dn27:13.7","dn27:13.8","dn27:13.9","dn27:13.10","dn27:13.11","dn27:13.12"],"kind":"text","text":{"pi":"Atha kho te, vāseṭṭha, sattā rasapathaviṁ paribhuñjantā tambhakkhā tadāhārā ciraṁ dīghamaddhānaṁ aṭṭhaṁsu.\nYathā yathā kho te, vāseṭṭha, sattā rasapathaviṁ paribhuñjantā tambhakkhā tadāhārā ciraṁ dīghamaddhānaṁ aṭṭhaṁsu tathā tathā tesaṁ sattānaṁ rasapathaviṁ paribhuñjantānaṁ kharattañceva kāyasmiṁ okkami, vaṇṇavevaṇṇatā ca paññāyittha.\nEkidaṁ sattā vaṇṇavanto honti, ekidaṁ sattā dubbaṇṇā.\nTattha ye te sattā vaṇṇavanto, te dubbaṇṇe satte atimaññanti:\n‘mayametehi vaṇṇavantatarā, amhehete dubbaṇṇatarā’ti.\nTesaṁ vaṇṇātimānapaccayā mānātimānajātikānaṁ rasapathavī antaradhāyi.\nRasāya pathaviyā antarahitāya sannipatiṁsu.\nSannipatitvā anutthuniṁsu:\n‘aho rasaṁ, aho rasan’ti.\nTadetarahipi manussā kañcideva surasaṁ labhitvā evamāhaṁsu:\n‘aho rasaṁ, aho rasan’ti.\nTadeva porāṇaṁ aggaññaṁ akkharaṁ anusaranti, na tvevassa atthaṁ ājānanti.","en":"Then those beings eating the earth’s nectar, with that as their food and nourishment, remained for a very long time.\nBut so long as they ate that earth’s nectar, their bodies became more solid and they diverged in appearance;\nsome beautiful, some ugly.\nAnd the beautiful beings looked down on the ugly ones:\n‘We’re more beautiful, they’re the ugly ones!’\nAnd the vanity of the beautiful ones made the earth’s nectar vanish.\nThey gathered together and bemoaned,\n‘Oh, what a taste! Oh, what a taste!’\nAnd even today when people get something tasty they say:\n‘Oh, what a taste! Oh, what a taste!’\nThey’re just remembering an ancient primordial saying, but they don’t understand what it means."}},{"id":"dn27:14","sourceIds":["dn27:14.0","dn27:14.1","dn27:14.2","dn27:14.3","dn27:14.4","dn27:14.5","dn27:14.6","dn27:14.7","dn27:14.8","dn27:14.9","dn27:14.10","dn27:14.11"],"kind":"text","text":{"pi":"4. Bhūmipappaṭakapātubhāva\nAtha kho tesaṁ, vāseṭṭha, sattānaṁ rasāya pathaviyā antarahitāya bhūmipappaṭako pāturahosi.\nSeyyathāpi nāma ahicchattako; evameva pāturahosi.\nSo ahosi vaṇṇasampanno gandhasampanno rasasampanno, seyyathāpi nāma sampannaṁ vā sappi sampannaṁ vā navanītaṁ evaṁvaṇṇo ahosi.\nSeyyathāpi nāma khuddamadhuṁ aneḷakaṁ; evamassādo ahosi.\nAtha kho te, vāseṭṭha, sattā bhūmipappaṭakaṁ upakkamiṁsu paribhuñjituṁ.\nTe taṁ paribhuñjantā tambhakkhā tadāhārā ciraṁ dīghamaddhānaṁ aṭṭhaṁsu.\nYathā yathā kho te, vāseṭṭha, sattā bhūmipappaṭakaṁ paribhuñjantā tambhakkhā tadāhārā ciraṁ dīghamaddhānaṁ aṭṭhaṁsu tathā tathā tesaṁ sattānaṁ bhiyyoso mattāya kharattañceva kāyasmiṁ okkami, vaṇṇavevaṇṇatā ca paññāyittha.\nEkidaṁ sattā vaṇṇavanto honti, ekidaṁ sattā dubbaṇṇā.\nTattha ye te sattā vaṇṇavanto, te dubbaṇṇe satte atimaññanti:\n‘mayametehi vaṇṇavantatarā, amhehete dubbaṇṇatarā’ti.\nTesaṁ vaṇṇātimānapaccayā mānātimānajātikānaṁ bhūmipappaṭako antaradhāyi.","en":"4. Ground-Fungus\nWhen the earth’s nectar had vanished, ground-fungus appeared to those beings.\nIt appeared just like a mushroom.\nIt was beautiful, fragrant, and delicious, like ghee or butter.\nAnd it was as sweet as pure dwarf-bee honey.\nThen those beings started to eat the ground-fungus.\nWith that as their food and nourishment, they remained for a very long time.\nBut so long as they ate that ground-fungus, their bodies became more solid and they diverged in appearance;\nsome beautiful, some ugly.\nAnd the beautiful beings looked down on the ugly ones:\n‘We’re more beautiful, they’re the ugly ones!’\nAnd the vanity of the beautiful ones made the ground-fungus vanish."}},{"id":"dn27:14.12","sourceIds":["dn27:14.12.0"],"kind":"text","text":{"pi":"5. Padālatāpātubhāva","en":"5. Bursting Pods"}},{"id":"dn27:14-from-dn27-14.13","sourceIds":["dn27:14.13","dn27:14.14","dn27:14.15"],"kind":"text","text":{"pi":"Bhūmipappaṭake antarahite padālatā pāturahosi, seyyathāpi nāma kalambukā; evameva pāturahosi.\nSā ahosi vaṇṇasampannā gandhasampannā rasasampannā, seyyathāpi nāma sampannaṁ vā sappi sampannaṁ vā navanītaṁ evaṁvaṇṇā ahosi.\nSeyyathāpi nāma khuddamadhuṁ aneḷakaṁ; evamassādā ahosi.","en":"When the ground-fungus had vanished, bursting pods appeared, like the fruit of the kadam tree.\nThey were beautiful, fragrant, and delicious, like ghee or butter.\nAnd they were as sweet as pure dwarf-bee honey."}},{"id":"dn27:15","sourceIds":["dn27:15.1","dn27:15.2","dn27:15.3","dn27:15.4","dn27:15.5","dn27:15.6","dn27:15.7","dn27:15.8","dn27:15.9","dn27:15.10","dn27:15.11","dn27:15.12"],"kind":"text","text":{"pi":"Atha kho te, vāseṭṭha, sattā padālataṁ upakkamiṁsu paribhuñjituṁ.\nTe taṁ paribhuñjantā tambhakkhā tadāhārā ciraṁ dīghamaddhānaṁ aṭṭhaṁsu.\nYathā yathā kho te, vāseṭṭha, sattā padālataṁ paribhuñjantā tambhakkhā tadāhārā ciraṁ dīghamaddhānaṁ aṭṭhaṁsu tathā tathā tesaṁ sattānaṁ bhiyyoso mattāya kharattañceva kāyasmiṁ okkami, vaṇṇavevaṇṇatā ca paññāyittha.\nEkidaṁ sattā vaṇṇavanto honti, ekidaṁ sattā dubbaṇṇā.\nTattha ye te sattā vaṇṇavanto, te dubbaṇṇe satte atimaññanti:\n‘mayametehi vaṇṇavantatarā, amhehete dubbaṇṇatarā’ti.\nTesaṁ vaṇṇātimānapaccayā mānātimānajātikānaṁ padālatā antaradhāyi.\nPadālatāya antarahitāya sannipatiṁsu. Sannipatitvā anutthuniṁsu:\n‘ahu vata no, ahāyi vata no padālatā’ti.\nTadetarahipi manussā kenaci dukkhadhammena phuṭṭhā evamāhaṁsu:\n‘ahu vata no, ahāyi vata no’ti.\nTadeva porāṇaṁ aggaññaṁ akkharaṁ anusaranti, na tvevassa atthaṁ ājānanti.","en":"Then those beings started to eat the bursting pods.\nWith that as their food and nourishment, they remained for a very long time.\nBut so long as they ate those bursting pods, their bodies became more solid and they diverged in appearance;\nsome beautiful, some ugly.\nAnd the beautiful beings looked down on the ugly ones:\n‘We’re more beautiful, they’re the ugly ones!’\nAnd the vanity of the beautiful ones made the bursting pods vanish.\nThey gathered together and bemoaned,\n‘Oh, what we’ve lost! Oh, what we’ve lost—those bursting pods!’\nAnd even today when people experience suffering they say:\n‘Oh, what we’ve lost! Oh, what we’ve lost!’\nThey’re just remembering an ancient primordial saying, but they don’t understand what it means."}},{"id":"dn27:16","sourceIds":["dn27:16.0","dn27:16.1","dn27:16.2","dn27:16.3","dn27:16.4","dn27:16.5"],"kind":"text","text":{"pi":"6. Akaṭṭhapākasālipātubhāva\nAtha kho tesaṁ, vāseṭṭha, sattānaṁ padālatāya antarahitāya akaṭṭhapāko sāli pāturahosi akaṇo athuso suddho sugandho taṇḍulapphalo.\nYaṁ taṁ sāyaṁ sāyamāsāya āharanti, pāto taṁ hoti pakkaṁ paṭivirūḷhaṁ.\nYaṁ taṁ pāto pātarāsāya āharanti, sāyaṁ taṁ hoti pakkaṁ paṭivirūḷhaṁ;\nnāpadānaṁ paññāyati.\nAtha kho te, vāseṭṭha, sattā akaṭṭhapākaṁ sāliṁ paribhuñjantā tambhakkhā tadāhārā ciraṁ dīghamaddhānaṁ aṭṭhaṁsu.","en":"6. Ripe Untilled Rice\nWhen the bursting pods had vanished, ripe untilled rice appeared to those beings. It had no powder or husk, pure and fragrant, with only the rice-grain.\nWhat they took for supper at dusk, by daybreak had grown back and ripened.\nAnd what they took for breakfast at daybreak had grown back and ripened by the evening,\nleaving no trace showing.\nThen those beings eating the ripe untilled rice, with that as their food and nourishment, remained for a very long time."}},{"id":"dn27:16.6","sourceIds":["dn27:16.6.0"],"kind":"text","text":{"pi":"7. Itthipurisaliṅgapātubhāva","en":"7. Sex Appears"}},{"id":"dn27:16-from-dn27-16.7","sourceIds":["dn27:16.7","dn27:16.8","dn27:16.9","dn27:16.10","dn27:16.11","dn27:16.12","dn27:16.13","dn27:16.14","dn27:16.15"],"kind":"text","text":{"pi":"Yathā yathā kho te, vāseṭṭha, sattā akaṭṭhapākaṁ sāliṁ paribhuñjantā tambhakkhā tadāhārā ciraṁ dīghamaddhānaṁ aṭṭhaṁsu tathā tathā tesaṁ sattānaṁ bhiyyoso mattāya kharattañceva kāyasmiṁ okkami, vaṇṇavevaṇṇatā ca paññāyittha, itthiyā ca itthiliṅgaṁ pāturahosi purisassa ca purisaliṅgaṁ.\nItthī ca purisaṁ ativelaṁ upanijjhāyati puriso ca itthiṁ.\nTesaṁ ativelaṁ aññamaññaṁ upanijjhāyataṁ sārāgo udapādi, pariḷāho kāyasmiṁ okkami.\nTe pariḷāhapaccayā methunaṁ dhammaṁ paṭiseviṁsu.\nYe kho pana te, vāseṭṭha, tena samayena sattā passanti methunaṁ dhammaṁ paṭisevante, aññe paṁsuṁ khipanti, aññe seṭṭhiṁ khipanti, aññe gomayaṁ khipanti:\n‘nassa asuci, nassa asucī’ti.\n‘Kathañhi nāma satto sattassa evarūpaṁ karissatī’ti.\nTadetarahipi manussā ekaccesu janapadesu vadhuyā nibbuyhamānāya aññe paṁsuṁ khipanti, aññe seṭṭhiṁ khipanti, aññe gomayaṁ khipanti.\nTadeva porāṇaṁ aggaññaṁ akkharaṁ anusaranti, na tvevassa atthaṁ ājānanti.","en":"But so long as they ate that ripe untilled rice, their bodies became more solid and they diverged in appearance. And female characteristics appeared on women, while male characteristics appeared on men.\nWomen spent too much time gazing at men, and men at women.\nThey became lustful, and their bodies burned with fever.\nDue to this fever they had sex with each other.\nThose who saw them having sex pelted them with dirt, clods, or cow-dung, saying,\n‘Get lost, filth! Get lost, filth!\nHow on earth can one being do that to another?’\nAnd even today people in some countries, when carrying a bride off, pelt her with dirt, clods, or cow-dung.\nThey’re just remembering an ancient primordial saying, but they don’t understand what it means."}},{"id":"dn27:17","sourceIds":["dn27:17.0","dn27:17.1","dn27:17.2","dn27:17.3","dn27:17.4","dn27:17.5","dn27:17.6","dn27:17.7","dn27:17.8","dn27:17.9","dn27:17.10","dn27:17.11","dn27:17.12","dn27:17.13","dn27:17.14","dn27:17.15","dn27:17.16","dn27:17.17","dn27:17.18","dn27:17.19","dn27:17.20","dn27:17.21","dn27:17.22","dn27:17.23"],"kind":"text","text":{"pi":"8. Methunadhammasamācāra\nAdhammasammataṁ kho pana, vāseṭṭha, tena samayena hoti, tadetarahi dhammasammataṁ.\nYe kho pana, vāseṭṭha, tena samayena sattā methunaṁ dhammaṁ paṭisevanti, te māsampi dvemāsampi na labhanti gāmaṁ vā nigamaṁ vā pavisituṁ.\nYato kho te, vāseṭṭha, sattā tasmiṁ asaddhamme ativelaṁ pātabyataṁ āpajjiṁsu.\nAtha agārāni upakkamiṁsu kātuṁ tasseva asaddhammassa paṭicchādanatthaṁ.\nAtha kho, vāseṭṭha, aññatarassa sattassa alasajātikassa etadahosi:\n‘ambho, kimevāhaṁ vihaññāmi sāliṁ āharanto sāyaṁ sāyamāsāya pāto pātarāsāya.\nYannūnāhaṁ sāliṁ āhareyyaṁ sakideva sāyapātarāsāyā’ti.\nAtha kho so, vāseṭṭha, satto sāliṁ āhāsi sakideva sāyapātarāsāya.\nAtha kho, vāseṭṭha, aññataro satto yena so satto tenupasaṅkami; upasaṅkamitvā taṁ sattaṁ etadavoca:\n‘ehi, bho satta, sālāhāraṁ gamissāmā’ti.\n‘Alaṁ, bho satta, āhato me sāli sakideva sāyapātarāsāyā’ti.\nAtha kho so, vāseṭṭha, satto tassa sattassa diṭṭhānugatiṁ āpajjamāno sāliṁ āhāsi sakideva dvīhāya. ‘Evampi kira, bho, sādhū’ti.\nAtha kho, vāseṭṭha, aññataro satto yena so satto tenupasaṅkami; upasaṅkamitvā taṁ sattaṁ etadavoca:\n‘ehi, bho satta, sālāhāraṁ gamissāmā’ti.\n‘Alaṁ, bho satta, āhato me sāli sakideva dvīhāyā’ti.\nAtha kho so, vāseṭṭha, satto tassa sattassa diṭṭhānugatiṁ āpajjamāno sāliṁ āhāsi sakideva catūhāya, ‘evampi kira, bho, sādhū’ti.\nAtha kho, vāseṭṭha, aññataro satto yena so satto tenupasaṅkami; upasaṅkamitvā taṁ sattaṁ etadavoca:\n‘ehi, bho satta, sālāhāraṁ gamissāmā’ti.\n‘Alaṁ, bho satta, āhato me sāli sakideva catūhāyā’ti.\nAtha kho so, vāseṭṭha, satto tassa sattassa diṭṭhānugatiṁ āpajjamāno sāliṁ āhāsi sakideva aṭṭhāhāya, ‘evampi kira, bho, sādhū’ti.\nYato kho te, vāseṭṭha, sattā sannidhikārakaṁ sāliṁ upakkamiṁsu paribhuñjituṁ.\nAtha kaṇopi taṇḍulaṁ pariyonandhi, thusopi taṇḍulaṁ pariyonandhi;\nlūnampi nappaṭivirūḷhaṁ, apadānaṁ paññāyittha, saṇḍasaṇḍā sālayo aṭṭhaṁsu.","en":"8. Sexual Intercourse\nWhat was deemed as unprincipled at that time, these days is deemed as principled.\nThe beings who had sex together weren’t allowed to enter a village or town for one or two months.\nEver since they excessively threw themselves into immorality,\nthey started to make buildings to hide their immoral deeds.\nThen one of those beings of idle disposition thought,\n‘Oh my, why should I be bothered to gather rice at dusk for supper, and at daybreak for breakfast?\nWhy don’t I gather rice for supper and breakfast all at once?’\nSo that’s what he did.\nThen one of the other beings approached that being and said,\n‘Come, good being, we shall go to gather rice.’\n‘There’s no need, good being! I gathered rice for supper and breakfast all at once.’\nSo that being, following their example, gathered rice for two days all at once, thinking: ‘This seems fine.’\nThen one of the other beings approached that being and said,\n‘Come, good being, we shall go to gather rice.’\n‘There’s no need, good being! I gathered rice for two days all at once.’\nSo that being, following their example, gathered rice for four days all at once, thinking: ‘This seems fine.’\nThen one of the other beings approached that being and said,\n‘Come, good being, we shall go to gather rice.’\n‘There’s no need, good being! I gathered rice for four days all at once.’\nSo that being, following their example, gathered rice for eight days all at once, thinking: ‘This seems fine.’\nBut when they started to store up rice to eat,\nthe rice grains became wrapped in powder and husk,\nit didn’t grow back after reaping, leaving a trace showing, and the rice stood in clumps."}},{"id":"dn27:18","sourceIds":["dn27:18.0","dn27:18.1","dn27:18.2","dn27:18.3","dn27:18.4","dn27:18.5","dn27:18.6","dn27:18.7","dn27:18.8","dn27:18.9","dn27:18.10","dn27:18.11","dn27:18.12","dn27:18.13","dn27:18.14","dn27:18.15","dn27:18.16","dn27:18.17","dn27:18.18","dn27:18.19","dn27:18.20","dn27:18.21","dn27:18.22","dn27:18.23","dn27:18.24","dn27:18.25","dn27:18.26","dn27:18.27","dn27:18.28"],"kind":"text","text":{"pi":"9. Sālivibhāga\nAtha kho te, vāseṭṭha, sattā sannipatiṁsu, sannipatitvā anutthuniṁsu:\n‘pāpakā vata, bho, dhammā sattesu pātubhūtā.\nMayañhi pubbe manomayā ahumhā pītibhakkhā sayaṁpabhā antalikkhacarā subhaṭṭhāyino, ciraṁ dīghamaddhānaṁ aṭṭhamhā.\nTesaṁ no amhākaṁ kadāci karahaci dīghassa addhuno accayena rasapathavī udakasmiṁ samatani.\nSā ahosi vaṇṇasampannā gandhasampannā rasasampannā.\nTe mayaṁ rasapathaviṁ hatthehi āluppakārakaṁ upakkamimha paribhuñjituṁ, tesaṁ no rasapathaviṁ hatthehi āluppakārakaṁ upakkamataṁ paribhuñjituṁ sayaṁpabhā antaradhāyi.\nSayaṁpabhāya antarahitāya candimasūriyā pāturahesuṁ, candimasūriyesu pātubhūtesu nakkhattāni tārakarūpāni pāturahesuṁ, nakkhattesu tārakarūpesu pātubhūtesu rattindivā paññāyiṁsu, rattindivesu paññāyamānesu māsaḍḍhamāsā paññāyiṁsu.\nMāsaḍḍhamāsesu paññāyamānesu utusaṁvaccharā paññāyiṁsu.\nTe mayaṁ rasapathaviṁ paribhuñjantā tambhakkhā tadāhārā ciraṁ dīghamaddhānaṁ aṭṭhamhā.\nTesaṁ no pāpakānaṁyeva akusalānaṁ dhammānaṁ pātubhāvā rasapathavī antaradhāyi.\nRasapathaviyā antarahitāya bhūmipappaṭako pāturahosi.\nSo ahosi vaṇṇasampanno gandhasampanno rasasampanno.\nTe mayaṁ bhūmipappaṭakaṁ upakkamimha paribhuñjituṁ.\nTe mayaṁ taṁ paribhuñjantā tambhakkhā tadāhārā ciraṁ dīghamaddhānaṁ aṭṭhamhā.\nTesaṁ no pāpakānaṁyeva akusalānaṁ dhammānaṁ pātubhāvā bhūmipappaṭako antaradhāyi.\nBhūmipappaṭake antarahite padālatā pāturahosi.\nSā ahosi vaṇṇasampannā gandhasampannā rasasampannā.\nTe mayaṁ padālataṁ upakkamimha paribhuñjituṁ.\nTe mayaṁ taṁ paribhuñjantā tambhakkhā tadāhārā ciraṁ dīghamaddhānaṁ aṭṭhamhā.\nTesaṁ no pāpakānaṁyeva akusalānaṁ dhammānaṁ pātubhāvā padālatā antaradhāyi.\nPadālatāya antarahitāya akaṭṭhapāko sāli pāturahosi akaṇo athuso suddho sugandho taṇḍulapphalo.\nYaṁ taṁ sāyaṁ sāyamāsāya āharāma, pāto taṁ hoti pakkaṁ paṭivirūḷhaṁ.\nYaṁ taṁ pāto pātarāsāya āharāma, sāyaṁ taṁ hoti pakkaṁ paṭivirūḷhaṁ.\nNāpadānaṁ paññāyittha.\nTe mayaṁ akaṭṭhapākaṁ sāliṁ paribhuñjantā tambhakkhā tadāhārā ciraṁ dīghamaddhānaṁ aṭṭhamhā.\nTesaṁ no pāpakānaṁyeva akusalānaṁ dhammānaṁ pātubhāvā kaṇopi taṇḍulaṁ pariyonandhi, thusopi taṇḍulaṁ pariyonandhi, lūnampi nappaṭivirūḷhaṁ, apadānaṁ paññāyittha, saṇḍasaṇḍā sālayo ṭhitā.\nYannūna mayaṁ sāliṁ vibhajeyyāma, mariyādaṁ ṭhapeyyāmā’ti.\nAtha kho te, vāseṭṭha, sattā sāliṁ vibhajiṁsu, mariyādaṁ ṭhapesuṁ.","en":"9. Dividing the Rice\nThen those beings gathered together and bemoaned,\n‘Oh, how wicked things have appeared among beings!\nFor we used to be mind-made, feeding on rapture, self-radiant, wandering in midair, steadily glorious, and we remained like that for a very long time.\nAfter a very long period had passed, the earth’s nectar curdled in the water.\nBut due to bad, unskillful things among us, the earth’s nectar vanished,\nthen the ground-fungus vanished,\nthe bursting pods vanished,\nand now the rice grains have become wrapped in powder and husk, it doesn’t grow back after reaping, traces are left showing, and the rice stands in clumps.\nWe’d better divide up the rice and lay down boundaries.’\nSo that’s what they did."}},{"id":"dn27:19","sourceIds":["dn27:19.1","dn27:19.2","dn27:19.3","dn27:19.4","dn27:19.5","dn27:19.6","dn27:19.7","dn27:19.8","dn27:19.9","dn27:19.10","dn27:19.11","dn27:19.12"],"kind":"text","text":{"pi":"Atha kho, vāseṭṭha, aññataro satto lolajātiko sakaṁ bhāgaṁ parirakkhanto aññataraṁ bhāgaṁ adinnaṁ ādiyitvā paribhuñji.\nTamenaṁ aggahesuṁ, gahetvā etadavocuṁ:\n‘pāpakaṁ vata, bho satta, karosi, yatra hi nāma sakaṁ bhāgaṁ parirakkhanto aññataraṁ bhāgaṁ adinnaṁ ādiyitvā paribhuñjasi.\nMāssu, bho satta, punapi evarūpamakāsī’ti.\n‘Evaṁ, bho’ti kho, vāseṭṭha, so satto tesaṁ sattānaṁ paccassosi.\nDutiyampi kho, vāseṭṭha, so satto …pe…\ntatiyampi kho, vāseṭṭha, so satto sakaṁ bhāgaṁ parirakkhanto aññataraṁ bhāgaṁ adinnaṁ ādiyitvā paribhuñji.\nTamenaṁ aggahesuṁ, gahetvā etadavocuṁ:\n‘pāpakaṁ vata, bho satta, karosi, yatra hi nāma sakaṁ bhāgaṁ parirakkhanto aññataraṁ bhāgaṁ adinnaṁ ādiyitvā paribhuñjasi.\nMāssu, bho satta, punapi evarūpamakāsī’ti.\nAññe pāṇinā pahariṁsu, aññe leḍḍunā pahariṁsu, aññe daṇḍena pahariṁsu.\nTadagge kho, vāseṭṭha, adinnādānaṁ paññāyati, garahā paññāyati, musāvādo paññāyati, daṇḍādānaṁ paññāyati.","en":"Now, one of those beings was reckless. While guarding their own share they took another’s share without it being given, and ate it.\nThey grabbed the one who had done this and said,\n‘You have done a bad thing, good being, in that while guarding your own share you took another’s share without it being given, and ate it.\nDo not do such a thing again.’\n‘Yes, worthy sirs,’ replied that being.\nBut for a second time …\nFor a third time they did the same thing, and were told not to continue.\nAnd then they struck that being, some with fists, others with stones, and still others with rods.\nFrom that day on stealing was found, and blame, and lying, and the taking up of rods."}},{"id":"dn27:20","sourceIds":["dn27:20.0","dn27:20.1","dn27:20.2","dn27:20.3","dn27:20.4","dn27:20.5","dn27:20.6","dn27:20.7","dn27:20.8","dn27:20.9"],"kind":"text","text":{"pi":"10. Mahāsammatarājā\nAtha kho te, vāseṭṭha, sattā sannipatiṁsu, sannipatitvā anutthuniṁsu:\n‘pāpakā vata bho dhammā sattesu pātubhūtā, yatra hi nāma adinnādānaṁ paññāyissati, garahā paññāyissati, musāvādo paññāyissati, daṇḍādānaṁ paññāyissati.\nYannūna mayaṁ ekaṁ sattaṁ sammanneyyāma, yo no sammā khīyitabbaṁ khīyeyya, sammā garahitabbaṁ garaheyya, sammā pabbājetabbaṁ pabbājeyya.\nMayaṁ panassa sālīnaṁ bhāgaṁ anuppadassāmā’ti.\nAtha kho te, vāseṭṭha, sattā yo nesaṁ satto abhirūpataro ca dassanīyataro ca pāsādikataro ca mahesakkhataro ca taṁ sattaṁ upasaṅkamitvā etadavocuṁ:\n‘ehi, bho satta, sammā khīyitabbaṁ khīya, sammā garahitabbaṁ garaha, sammā pabbājetabbaṁ pabbājehi.\nMayaṁ pana te sālīnaṁ bhāgaṁ anuppadassāmā’ti.\n‘Evaṁ, bho’ti kho, vāseṭṭha, so satto tesaṁ sattānaṁ paṭissuṇitvā sammā khīyitabbaṁ khīyi, sammā garahitabbaṁ garahi, sammā pabbājetabbaṁ pabbājesi.\nTe panassa sālīnaṁ bhāgaṁ anuppadaṁsu.","en":"10. The Elected King\nThen those beings gathered together and bemoaned,\n‘Oh, how wicked things have appeared among beings, in that stealing is found, and blaming and lying and the taking up of rods!\nWhy don’t we elect one being who would rightly accuse those who deserve it, blame those who deserve it, and expel those who deserve it?\nWe shall pay them with a share of rice.’\nThen those beings approached the being among them who was most attractive, good-looking, lovely, and illustrious, and said,\n‘Come, good being, rightly accuse those who deserve it, blame those who deserve it, and banish those who deserve it.\nWe shall pay you with a share of rice.’\n‘Yes, worthy sirs,’ replied that being. They acted accordingly,\nand were paid with a share of rice."}},{"id":"dn27:21","sourceIds":["dn27:21.1","dn27:21.2","dn27:21.3","dn27:21.4","dn27:21.5"],"kind":"text","text":{"pi":"Mahājanasammatoti kho, vāseṭṭha, ‘mahāsammato, mahāsammato’ tveva paṭhamaṁ akkharaṁ upanibbattaṁ.\nKhettānaṁ adhipatīti kho, vāseṭṭha, ‘khattiyo, khattiyo’ tveva dutiyaṁ akkharaṁ upanibbattaṁ.\nDhammena pare rañjetīti kho, vāseṭṭha, ‘rājā, rājā’ tveva tatiyaṁ akkharaṁ upanibbattaṁ.\nIti kho, vāseṭṭha, evametassa khattiyamaṇḍalassa porāṇena aggaññena akkharena abhinibbatti ahosi tesaṁyeva sattānaṁ, anaññesaṁ. Sadisānaṁyeva, no asadisānaṁ. Dhammeneva, no adhammena.\nDhammo hi, vāseṭṭha, seṭṭho janetasmiṁ diṭṭhe ceva dhamme abhisamparāyañca.","en":"‘Elected by the populace’, Vāseṭṭha, is the meaning of ‘popularly elected’, the first term applied to them.\n‘Lord of the fields’ is the meaning of ‘aristocrat’, the second term applied to them.\n‘They please others with principle’ is the meaning of ‘king’, the third term applied to them.\nAnd that, Vāseṭṭha, is how the ancient primordial terms for the circle of aristocrats were created; for those very beings, not others; for those like them, not unlike; by virtue of principle, not against principle.\nFor principle, Vāseṭṭha, is the best thing for people in both this life and the next."}},{"id":"dn27:22","sourceIds":["dn27:22.0","dn27:22.1","dn27:22.2","dn27:22.3","dn27:22.4","dn27:22.5","dn27:22.6","dn27:22.7","dn27:22.8","dn27:22.9","dn27:22.10","dn27:22.11"],"kind":"text","text":{"pi":"11. Brāhmaṇamaṇḍala\nAtha kho tesaṁ, vāseṭṭha, sattānaṁyeva ekaccānaṁ etadahosi:\n‘pāpakā vata, bho, dhammā sattesu pātubhūtā, yatra hi nāma adinnādānaṁ paññāyissati, garahā paññāyissati, musāvādo paññāyissati, daṇḍādānaṁ paññāyissati, pabbājanaṁ paññāyissati.\nYannūna mayaṁ pāpake akusale dhamme vāheyyāmā’ti.\nTe pāpake akusale dhamme vāhesuṁ.\nPāpake akusale dhamme vāhentīti kho, vāseṭṭha, ‘brāhmaṇā, brāhmaṇā’ tveva paṭhamaṁ akkharaṁ upanibbattaṁ.\nTe araññāyatane paṇṇakuṭiyo karitvā paṇṇakuṭīsu jhāyanti vītaṅgārā vītadhūmā pannamusalā sāyaṁ sāyamāsāya pāto pātarāsāya gāmanigamarājadhāniyo osaranti ghāsamesamānā.\nTe ghāsaṁ paṭilabhitvā punadeva araññāyatane paṇṇakuṭīsu jhāyanti.\nTamenaṁ manussā disvā evamāhaṁsu:\n‘ime kho, bho, sattā araññāyatane paṇṇakuṭiyo karitvā paṇṇakuṭīsu jhāyanti, vītaṅgārā vītadhūmā pannamusalā sāyaṁ sāyamāsāya pāto pātarāsāya gāmanigamarājadhāniyo osaranti ghāsamesamānā.\nTe ghāsaṁ paṭilabhitvā punadeva araññāyatane paṇṇakuṭīsu jhāyantī’ti,\njhāyantīti kho, vāseṭṭha, ‘jhāyakā, jhāyakā’ tveva dutiyaṁ akkharaṁ upanibbattaṁ.","en":"11. The Circle of Brahmins\nThen some of those same beings thought,\n‘Oh, how wicked things have appeared among beings, in that stealing is found, and blaming and lying and the taking up of rods and banishment!\nWhy don’t we set aside bad, unskillful things?’\nSo that’s what they did.\n‘They set aside bad, unskillful things’ is the meaning of ‘brahmin’, the first term applied to them.\nThey built leaf huts in a wilderness region where they meditated pure and bright, without lighting cooking fires or digging the soil. They came down at daybreak for breakfast and at dusk for supper to the village, town, or royal capital seeking a meal.\nWhen they had obtained food they continued to meditate in the leaf huts.\nWhen people noticed this they said,\n‘These beings build leaf huts in a wilderness region where they meditate pure and bright, without lighting cooking fires or digging the soil. They come down at daybreak for breakfast and at dusk for supper to the village, town, or royal capital seeking a meal.\nWhen they have obtained food they continue to meditate in the leaf huts.’\n‘They meditate’ is the meaning of ‘meditator’, the second term applied to them."}},{"id":"dn27:23","sourceIds":["dn27:23.1","dn27:23.2","dn27:23.3","dn27:23.4","dn27:23.5","dn27:23.6","dn27:23.7"],"kind":"text","text":{"pi":"Tesaṁyeva kho, vāseṭṭha, sattānaṁ ekacce sattā araññāyatane paṇṇakuṭīsu taṁ jhānaṁ anabhisambhuṇamānā gāmasāmantaṁ nigamasāmantaṁ osaritvā ganthe karontā acchanti.\nTamenaṁ manussā disvā evamāhaṁsu:\n‘ime kho, bho, sattā araññāyatane paṇṇakuṭīsu taṁ jhānaṁ anabhisambhuṇamānā gāmasāmantaṁ nigamasāmantaṁ osaritvā ganthe karontā acchanti, na dānime jhāyantī’ti.\nNa dānime jhāyantīti kho, vāseṭṭha, ‘ajjhāyakā, ajjhāyakā’ tveva tatiyaṁ akkharaṁ upanibbattaṁ.\nHīnasammataṁ kho pana, vāseṭṭha, tena samayena hoti, tadetarahi seṭṭhasammataṁ.\nIti kho, vāseṭṭha, evametassa brāhmaṇamaṇḍalassa porāṇena aggaññena akkharena abhinibbatti ahosi tesaṁyeva sattānaṁ, anaññesaṁ sadisānaṁyeva no asadisānaṁ dhammeneva, no adhammena.\nDhammo hi, vāseṭṭha, seṭṭho janetasmiṁ diṭṭhe ceva dhamme abhisamparāyañca.","en":"But some of those beings were unable to keep up with their meditation in the leaf huts in the wilderness. They came down to the neighborhood of a village or town where they dwelt compiling texts.\nWhen people noticed this they said,\n‘These beings were unable to keep up with their meditation in the leaf huts in the wilderness. They came down to the neighborhood of a village or town where they dwelt compiling texts. Now they don’t meditate.’\n‘Now they don’t meditate’ is the meaning of ‘reciter’, the third term applied to them.\nWhat was deemed as worse at that time, these days is deemed as best.\nAnd that, Vāseṭṭha, is how the ancient primordial terms for the circle of brahmins were created; for those very beings, not others; for those like them, not unlike; by virtue of principle, not against principle.\nFor principle, Vāseṭṭha, is the best thing for people in both this life and the next."}},{"id":"dn27:24","sourceIds":["dn27:24.0","dn27:24.1","dn27:24.2","dn27:24.3","dn27:24.4"],"kind":"text","text":{"pi":"12. Vessamaṇḍala\nTesaṁyeva kho, vāseṭṭha, sattānaṁ ekacce sattā methunaṁ dhammaṁ samādāya visukammante payojesuṁ.\nMethunaṁ dhammaṁ samādāya visukammante payojentīti kho, vāseṭṭha, ‘vessā, vessā’ tveva akkharaṁ upanibbattaṁ.\nIti kho, vāseṭṭha, evametassa vessamaṇḍalassa porāṇena aggaññena akkharena abhinibbatti ahosi tesaññeva sattānaṁ anaññesaṁ sadisānaṁyeva, no asadisānaṁ, dhammeneva no adhammena.\nDhammo hi, vāseṭṭha, seṭṭho janetasmiṁ diṭṭhe ceva dhamme abhisamparāyañca.","en":"12. The Circle of Peasants\nSome of those same beings, taking up an active sex life, applied themselves to various jobs.\n‘Having taken up an active sex life, they apply themselves to various jobs’ is the meaning of ‘peasant’, the term applied to them.\nAnd that, Vāseṭṭha, is how the ancient primordial term for the circle of peasants was created; for those very beings, not others; for those like them, not unlike; by virtue of principle, not against principle.\nFor principle, Vāseṭṭha, is the best thing for people in both this life and the next."}},{"id":"dn27:25","sourceIds":["dn27:25.0","dn27:25.1","dn27:25.2","dn27:25.3","dn27:25.4"],"kind":"text","text":{"pi":"13. Suddamaṇḍala\nTesaññeva kho, vāseṭṭha, sattānaṁ ye te sattā avasesā te luddācārā khuddācārā ahesuṁ.\nLuddācārā khuddācārāti kho, vāseṭṭha, ‘suddā, suddā’ tveva akkharaṁ upanibbattaṁ.\nIti kho, vāseṭṭha, evametassa suddamaṇḍalassa porāṇena aggaññena akkharena abhinibbatti ahosi tesaṁyeva sattānaṁ anaññesaṁ, sadisānaṁyeva no asadisānaṁ, dhammeneva, no adhammena.\nDhammo hi, vāseṭṭha, seṭṭho janetasmiṁ diṭṭhe ceva dhamme abhisamparāyañca.","en":"13. The Circle of Menials\nThe remaining beings lived by venal hunting and minor tasks.\n‘They live by venal hunting and minor tasks’ is the meaning of ‘menial’, the term applied to them.\nAnd that, Vāseṭṭha, is how the ancient primordial term for the circle of menials was created; for those very beings, not others; for those like them, not unlike; by virtue of principle, not against principle.\nFor principle, Vāseṭṭha, is the best thing for people in both this life and the next."}},{"id":"dn27:26","sourceIds":["dn27:26.1","dn27:26.2","dn27:26.3","dn27:26.4","dn27:26.5","dn27:26.6","dn27:26.7","dn27:26.8"],"kind":"text","text":{"pi":"Ahu kho so, vāseṭṭha, samayo, yaṁ khattiyopi sakaṁ dhammaṁ garahamāno agārasmā anagāriyaṁ pabbajati:\n‘samaṇo bhavissāmī’ti.\nBrāhmaṇopi kho, vāseṭṭha …pe…\nvessopi kho, vāseṭṭha …pe…\nsuddopi kho, vāseṭṭha, sakaṁ dhammaṁ garahamāno agārasmā anagāriyaṁ pabbajati:\n‘samaṇo bhavissāmī’ti.\nImehi kho, vāseṭṭha, catūhi maṇḍalehi samaṇamaṇḍalassa abhinibbatti ahosi, tesaṁyeva sattānaṁ anaññesaṁ, sadisānaṁyeva no asadisānaṁ, dhammeneva no adhammena.\nDhammo hi, vāseṭṭha, seṭṭho janetasmiṁ diṭṭhe ceva dhamme abhisamparāyañca.","en":"There came a time when an aristocrat,\nbrahmin,\npeasant,\nor menial, deprecating their own vocation, went forth from the lay life to homelessness, thinking,\n‘I will be an ascetic.’\nFrom these four circles, Vāseṭṭha, the circle of ascetics was created; for those very beings, not others; for those like them, not unlike; by virtue of principle, not against principle.\nFor principle, Vāseṭṭha, is the best thing for people in both this life and the next."}},{"id":"dn27:27","sourceIds":["dn27:27.0","dn27:27.1","dn27:27.2","dn27:27.3","dn27:27.4","dn27:27.5"],"kind":"text","text":{"pi":"14. Duccaritādikathā\nKhattiyopi kho, vāseṭṭha, kāyena duccaritaṁ caritvā vācāya duccaritaṁ caritvā manasā duccaritaṁ caritvā micchādiṭṭhiko micchādiṭṭhikammasamādāno micchādiṭṭhikammasamādānahetu kāyassa bhedā paraṁ maraṇā apāyaṁ duggatiṁ vinipātaṁ nirayaṁ upapajjati.\nBrāhmaṇopi kho, vāseṭṭha …pe…\nvessopi kho, vāseṭṭha …\nsuddopi kho, vāseṭṭha …\nsamaṇopi kho, vāseṭṭha, kāyena duccaritaṁ caritvā vācāya duccaritaṁ caritvā manasā duccaritaṁ caritvā micchādiṭṭhiko micchādiṭṭhikammasamādāno micchādiṭṭhikammasamādānahetu kāyassa bhedā paraṁ maraṇā apāyaṁ duggatiṁ vinipātaṁ nirayaṁ upapajjati.","en":"14. On Bad Conduct\nAn aristocrat,\nbrahmin,\npeasant,\nmenial,\nor ascetic may do bad things by way of body, speech, and mind. They have wrong view, and they act out of that wrong view. And because of that, when their body breaks up, after death, they’re reborn in a place of loss, a bad place, the underworld, hell."}},{"id":"dn27:28","sourceIds":["dn27:28.1","dn27:28.2","dn27:28.3","dn27:28.4","dn27:28.5"],"kind":"text","text":{"pi":"Khattiyopi kho, vāseṭṭha, kāyena sucaritaṁ caritvā vācāya sucaritaṁ caritvā manasā sucaritaṁ caritvā sammādiṭṭhiko sammādiṭṭhikammasamādāno sammādiṭṭhikammasamādānahetu kāyassa bhedā paraṁ maraṇā sugatiṁ saggaṁ lokaṁ upapajjati.\nBrāhmaṇopi kho, vāseṭṭha …pe…\nvessopi kho, vāseṭṭha …\nsuddopi kho, vāseṭṭha …\nsamaṇopi kho, vāseṭṭha, kāyena sucaritaṁ caritvā vācāya sucaritaṁ caritvā manasā sucaritaṁ caritvā sammādiṭṭhiko sammādiṭṭhikammasamādāno sammādiṭṭhikammasamādānahetu kāyassa bhedā paraṁ maraṇā sugatiṁ saggaṁ lokaṁ upapajjati.","en":"An aristocrat,\nbrahmin,\npeasant,\nmenial,\nor ascetic may do good things by way of body, speech, and mind. They have right view, and they act out of that right view. And because of that, when their body breaks up, after death, they’re reborn in a good place, a heavenly realm."}},{"id":"dn27:29","sourceIds":["dn27:29.1","dn27:29.2","dn27:29.3","dn27:29.4","dn27:29.5"],"kind":"text","text":{"pi":"Khattiyopi kho, vāseṭṭha, kāyena dvayakārī, vācāya dvayakārī, manasā dvayakārī, vimissadiṭṭhiko vimissadiṭṭhikammasamādāno vimissadiṭṭhikammasamādānahetu kāyassa bhedā paraṁ maraṇā sukhadukkhappaṭisaṁvedī hoti.\nBrāhmaṇopi kho, vāseṭṭha …pe…\nvessopi kho, vāseṭṭha …\nsuddopi kho, vāseṭṭha …\nsamaṇopi kho, vāseṭṭha, kāyena dvayakārī, vācāya dvayakārī, manasā dvayakārī, vimissadiṭṭhiko vimissadiṭṭhikammasamādāno vimissadiṭṭhikammasamādānahetu kāyassa bhedā paraṁ maraṇā sukhadukkhappaṭisaṁvedī hoti.","en":"An aristocrat,\nbrahmin,\npeasant,\nmenial,\nor ascetic may do mixed things by way of body, speech, and mind. They have mixed view, and they act out of that mixed view. And because of that, when their body breaks up, after death, they experience both pleasure and pain."}},{"id":"dn27:30","sourceIds":["dn27:30.0","dn27:30.1","dn27:30.2","dn27:30.3","dn27:30.4","dn27:30.5"],"kind":"text","text":{"pi":"15. Bodhipakkhiyabhāvanā\nKhattiyopi kho, vāseṭṭha, kāyena saṁvuto vācāya saṁvuto manasā saṁvuto sattannaṁ bodhipakkhiyānaṁ dhammānaṁ bhāvanamanvāya diṭṭheva dhamme parinibbāyati.\nBrāhmaṇopi kho, vāseṭṭha …pe…\nvessopi kho, vāseṭṭha …\nsuddopi kho, vāseṭṭha …\nsamaṇopi kho, vāseṭṭha, kāyena saṁvuto vācāya saṁvuto manasā saṁvuto sattannaṁ bodhipakkhiyānaṁ dhammānaṁ bhāvanamanvāya diṭṭheva dhamme parinibbāyati.","en":"15. The Qualities on the Side of Awakening\nAn aristocrat,\nbrahmin,\npeasant,\nmenial,\nor ascetic who is restrained in body, speech, and mind, and develops the seven qualities on the side of awakening, becomes extinguished in this very life."}},{"id":"dn27:31","sourceIds":["dn27:31.1","dn27:31.2"],"kind":"text","text":{"pi":"Imesañhi, vāseṭṭha, catunnaṁ vaṇṇānaṁ yo hoti bhikkhu arahaṁ khīṇāsavo vusitavā katakaraṇīyo ohitabhāro anuppattasadattho parikkhīṇabhavasaṁyojano sammadaññāvimutto, so nesaṁ aggamakkhāyati dhammeneva, no adhammena.\nDhammo hi, vāseṭṭha, seṭṭho janetasmiṁ diṭṭhe ceva dhamme abhisamparāyañca.","en":"Any mendicant from these four classes who is perfected—with defilements ended, who has completed the spiritual journey, done what had to be done, laid down the burden, achieved their heart’s goal, utterly ended the fetter of continued existence, and is rightly freed through enlightenment—is said to be the foremost by virtue of principle, not against principle.\nFor principle, Vāseṭṭha, is the best thing for people in both this life and the next."}},{"id":"dn27:32","sourceIds":["dn27:32.1","dn27:32.2","dn27:32.3","dn27:32.4","dn27:32.5","dn27:32.6","dn27:32.7","dn27:32.8","dn27:32.9","dn27:32.10","dn27:32.11","dn27:32.12","dn27:32.13","dn27:32.14"],"kind":"text","text":{"pi":"Brahmunā pesā, vāseṭṭha, sanaṅkumārena gāthā bhāsitā:\n‘Khattiyo seṭṭho janetasmiṁ,\nye gottapaṭisārino;\nVijjācaraṇasampanno,\nso seṭṭho devamānuse’ti.\nSā kho panesā, vāseṭṭha, brahmunā sanaṅkumārena gāthā sugītā, no duggītā. Subhāsitā, no dubbhāsitā. Atthasaṁhitā, no anatthasaṁhitā. Anumatā mayā.\nAhampi, vāseṭṭha, evaṁ vadāmi—\nKhattiyo seṭṭho janetasmiṁ,\nye gottapaṭisārino;\nVijjācaraṇasampanno,\nso seṭṭho devamānuse”ti.\nIdamavoca bhagavā.\nAttamanā vāseṭṭhabhāradvājā bhagavato bhāsitaṁ abhinandunti.\nAggaññasuttaṁ niṭṭhitaṁ catutthaṁ.","en":"The divinity Sanaṅkumāra also spoke this verse:\n‘The aristocrat is best among people\nwho take clan as the standard.\nBut one accomplished in knowledge and conduct\nis first among gods and humans.’\nThat verse was well sung by the Divinity Sanaṅkumāra, not poorly sung; well spoken, not poorly spoken; beneficial, not harmful, and I agree with it.\nI also say:\nThe aristocrat is best among people\nwho take clan as the standard.\nBut one accomplished in knowledge and conduct\nis first among gods and humans.”\nThat is what the Buddha said.\nSatisfied, Vāseṭṭha and Bhāradvāja approved what the Buddha said."}}]}],"sourceRevision":"afdafa92450cfe7573b280da50382888323666d2","sourceUrl":"https://suttacentral.net/dn27/en/sujato","licence":"CC0 1.0","licenceUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","editionNote":"Full supplied source file; inherited abbreviations are preserved. Not a reconstructed expansion of every repetition. No Malay or Mandarin translation is implied."}